Cải ("to transform", from Sino-Vietnamese 改) and tạo ("to create", from Sino-Vietnamese 造) combine to literally mean an attempt at re-creation, and making over sinful or incomplete individuals.
The term re-education, with its pedagogical overtones, does not quite convey the quasi-mystical resonance of học tập cải tạo(學習改造) in Vietnamese. Prisoners were incarcerated for periods ranging from weeks to 18 years. Torture was common in the re-education camps. "Re-education" as it was implemented in Vietnam was seen as both a means of revenge and as a sophisticated technique of repression and indoctrination. The high end estimate of 1 million is often attributed to a mistranslated statement by Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, and is considered excessive by many scholars. Other estimates put the number of inmates who passed through "re-education" as high as 500,000 to 1 million. In these camps, the government imprisoned at least 200,000-300,000 former military officers, government workers and supporters of the former government of South Vietnam.
Re-education camps ( Vietnamese: Trại cải tạo) were prison camps operated by the Communist government of Vietnam following the end of the Vietnam War. Prison camps operated by Communist Vietnam
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